Evaluation of the Reliability of Preoperative Ultrasonography and Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Axillary Staging in Patients With Breast Cancer
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Original Investigation
VOLUME: 11 ISSUE: 3
P: 269 - 276
December 2021

Evaluation of the Reliability of Preoperative Ultrasonography and Ultrasonography-guided Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy in Axillary Staging in Patients With Breast Cancer

J Acad Res Med 2021;11(3):269-276
1. University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of General Surgery, İstanbul, Turkey
2. Şanlıurfa Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of General Surgery, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
3. University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital, Clinic of Radiology, İstanbul, Turkey
4. İstanbul University-Cerrahpaşa, Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiology, İstanbul, Turkey
5. Bahçelievler State Hospital, Clinic of Pathology, İstanbul, Turkey
No information available.
No information available
Received Date: 28.09.2021
Accepted Date: 23.11.2021
Publish Date: 15.12.2021
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ABSTRACT

Objective:

Our study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of axillary ultrasonography (AUS) and ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) methods in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. In addition, to investigate the group that does not need sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) and/or axillary lymph node dissection among the clinically negative axilla patients.

Methods:

The patients diagnosed with breast cancer and an AUS scan with US-FNAB to the suspected lymph node between January 2013 and April 2020 were included, and the patients whose treatment started with neoadjuvant chemotherapy were excluded. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPD), negative predictive value (NPD), and accuracy of AUS and US-FNAB were calculated, and the factors affecting were evaluated.

Results:

The mean age of the patients in the study was 51.1±10.76 years. The mean tumor size was 18.84±9.87 mm. While 14 of 95 patients (14.74%) considered benign with AUS had macrometastases in the final evaluation. In addition, 8 (40%) of 20 patients with suspicious or malignant image features had macrometastases. Twenty-five patients evaluated with US-FNAB but did not detect metastasis were included. However, 8 (32%) of these patients who were not initially considered for metastasis by FNAB had macrometastases in the final pathology. While US sensitivity was 36.36%, specificity: 87.10%, PPD: 40%, NPV: 85.26%, and accuracy: 77.39%, specificity for US-FNAB was 100%, NPV: 68.00%, and accuracy: 68%. The presence of palpable lymph nodes was observed as a factor in false positivity (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

AUS and US-FNAB applied by experienced staff are valuable methods in excluding axillary disease. However, SLNB remains the standard method to evaluate the axilla nowadays.

Keywords:
Breast cancer, axillary ultrasonography, ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy

INTRODUCTION

Breast cancer affects millions of women worldwide. Studies have reported 2.3 million new breast cancer cases in 2020 (1). Although treatment is started with surgery in early-stage tumors depending on the molecular subtype, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is the initial treatment in locally advanced tumors or if axillary lymph node involvement is present (2). The most effective factors in determining the treatment decision are tumor size, axillary lymph node involvement and molecular subtype. Axillary lymph node involvement is still one of the most important prognostic factors in addition to its role in treatment (3).

Although axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) has been used for a very long time in the treatment of breast cancer in the traditional approach, the current approach in patients with early stage and clinically negative axillary breast cancer is sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) (2,4). It has been reported that unnecessary dissection was performed in 70% of patients with palpable lymph nodes and in 90% of early-stage patients without palpable lymph nodes (5).

In addition, morbidities of ALND such as lymphedema, nerve damage and shoulder dysfunction can be avoided in patients who are found to have no nodal involvement with SLNB, which is a less invasive method to evaluate axillary nodal involvement (6).

On the one hand, although the sensitivity of imaging techniques in detecting axillary metastases is thought to be insufficient, on the other hand, the necessity of SLNB has begun to be evaluated in some studies conducted in recent years when axillary ultrasonography (AUS) is negative (7). In a study published in 2017, patients with early stage (T1-2 N0) breast cancer were randomized to SLNB and non-SLNB in the group not considered to involve AUS and lymph node involvement, and it was observed that there was no clinically significant axillary recurrence with a mean follow-up of 17 months (8). Similarly, in the SOUND study, which was designed prospectively and is still ongoing, patients with ≤2 cm, clinically negative axilla and planned breast-conserving surgery were randomized as SLNB or non-SLNB, and it was thought that preoperative imaging could determine axillary nodal burden (9).

In studies, sensitivity, and specificity in determining preoperative axillary nodal load were reported to be between 56.6-92% and 81-100% for AUS, and between 39.5-71% and 95.7-100% for ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (US-FNAB) (10-12).

In addition, false negative (FN) rates for AUS and US-FNAB show similar results with SLNB (13).

Existing studies have led us to question the reliability of AUS and US-FNAB again to avoid unnecessary interventions. For this purpose, we aimed to calculate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPD), negative predictive value (NPD) and accuracy of these methods by comparing the patients who were evaluated with AUS and US-FNAB after being diagnosed with early breast cancer in our hospital and then underwent SLNB and/or ALND at surgery. We also aimed to investigate whether there is a group in which SLNB can be neglected in the patient group with clinically negative axilla.

GİRİŞ

Meme kanseri dünya genelinde milyonlarca kadını etkiler. Yapılan araştırmalarda 2020 yılında 2,3 milyon yeni meme kanseri olgusu bildirilmiştir (1). Erken evre tümörlerde moleküler subtipe de bağlı olarak tedaviye cerrahi ile başlansa da, lokal ileri evre tümörlerde veya aksiller lenf nodu tutulumu varsa başlangıç tedavisi neoadjuvan kemoterapi (NAK) olmaktadır (2). Tedavi kararını belirlemedeki en etkili faktörler; tümör boyutu, aksiller lenf nodu tutulumu ve moleküler subtiptir. Aksiller lenf nodu tutulumu tedavi seçeneğini etkilemek dışında halen en önemli prognostik faktörlerdendir (3).

Geleneksel yaklaşımda meme kanseri tedavisinde aksiller lenf nodu diseksiyonu (ALND) çok uzun süre kullanılsa da, erken evre ve aksilla klinik negatif meme kanserli hastalarda güncel yaklaşım sentinel lenf nodu biyopsisidir (SLNB) (2,4). ALND ile palpe edilen lenf nodu olan hastaların %70’inde ve palpe edilen lenf nodu olmayan erken evre hastaların %90’ında gereksiz diseksiyon yapıldığı bildirilmiştir (5). Ayrıca aksiller nodal tutulumu değerlendirmek için daha az invaziv bir metot olan SLNB ile nodal tutulum olmadığı anlaşılan hastalarda ALND’nin lenfödem, sinir hasarı ve omuz disfonksiyonu gibi morbiditelerinden kaçınılabilir (6).

Bir yandan görüntüleme tekniklerinin aksiller metastazı saptamada sensitivitesinin yetersiz olduğu düşünülse de diğer yandan son yıllarda yapılan bazı çalışmalarda aksiller ultrasonografi (AUS) negatif iken SLNB’nin gerekliliği değerlendirilmeye başlanmıştır (7). 2017 yılında yayınlanan bir çalışmada erken evre (T1-2 N0) meme kanserli hastalar arasında AUS ile lenf nodu tutulumu düşünülmeyen gruptakiler SLNB ve non-SLNB olarak randomize edilmiş ve ortalama 17 aylık takip ile klinik olarak anlamlı aksiller nüks olmadığı görülmüştür (8). Yine benzer şekilde prospektif olarak dizayn edilen ve halen devam eden SOUND çalışmasında ≤2 cm, aksilla klinik negatif olup meme koruyucu cerrahi planlanan hastalar SLNB ve non-SLNB olarak randomize edilmiş ve bu çalışma ile preoperatif görüntülemenin aksiller nodal yükü belirleyebileceği düşünülmüştür (9).

Yapılan çalışmalarda preoperatif aksiller nodal yükü belirlemede, sensitivite ve spesifite sırası ile AUS için %56,6-92 ve %81-100 arasında ve ultrasonografi eşliğinde ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi (US-İİAB) için %39,5-71 ve %95,7-100 arasında bildirilmiştir (10-12).

Ayrıca AUS ve US-İİAB için yalancı negatiflik (YN) oranları da SLNB ile yakın sonuçlar göstermektedir (13).

Bu çalışmaların varlığı gereksiz müdahaleleri önlemek için AUS ve US-İİAB’nin güvenilirliğini tekrar sorgulamamıza neden oldu. Bu amaçla hastanemizde erken meme kanseri tanısı aldıktan sonra AUS ve US-İİAB ile değerlendirilip daha sonra ameliyatta SLNB ve/veya ALND yapılan hastaları karşılaştırarak bu yöntemlerin sensitivite, spesifisite, pozitif prediktif değer (PPD), negatif prediktif değer (NPD) ve doğruluğunu hesaplamayı, aynı zamanda klinik olarak aksillanın negatif olduğu hasta grubunda SLNB’nin ihmal edilebileceği bir grup olup olmadığını araştırmayı amaçladık.

METHODS

Patient Group

In this retrospective study, ethics committee approval, (approval number: 267 and date: 05/05/2021), was obtained from the Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee, to which our hospital is affiliated. Patient informed consent was not required due to the retrospective use of anonymous administrative data. Between January 2013 and April 2020, 115 patients who were diagnosed with breast cancer and evaluated with AUS before surgical treatment and US-FNAB to the suspected lymph node in the axilla were included in the study. Patients who did not accept surgical treatment and were diagnosed with locally advanced breast cancer and started treatment with NAC were excluded from the study.

Patients’ age, physical examination (evaluation by specialist breast surgeons), medical history, breast US findings, breast and axilla biopsy, and final pathology results were retrospectively gathered from medical records.

Study Design

The patients were evaluated based on preoperative US findings, US-FNAB findings and final pathology results. Evaluation of axillary lymph nodes in terms of metastasis with both US and US-FNAB was compared with the final pathology, sensitivity, specificity, PPD, NPD, FR, false positive (FP) and accuracy were calculated separately, and the two methods were compared in terms of these values. Since patients who were thought to be malignant by US-FNAB were referred for NAC, only patients with a cytopathological diagnosis of benign were included in the study.

Imaging Method and Image Analysis

Ultrasound examinations were performed by two experienced radiologists (N.U. and Y.K.) with 10 years of experience in breast imaging using an ultrasound device with a 5-14 MHz linear array probe and Toshiba Aplio 500 software version 6.0 (Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).

In the ultrasonographic evaluation, diffuse, thin hypoechoic cortex (<3 mm) and hyperechoic lymph nodes with central fatty hilum are evaluated as benign, while those with asymmetric focal or diffuse cortical thickness (>3 mm), lobulated contours, hypoechoic/anechoic cortex according to the subcutaneous tissue or lymph nodes that were obliterated, also had distorted fatty hilum and could not be seen clearly were evaluated as suspicious-malignant (14).

Biopsy Method

US-FNAB was performed by the same radiologists (N.U. and Y.K.) on lymph nodes suspicious for metastasis or malignant in the evaluation performed with AUS. US-guided FNAB was performed several times with a 21 G syringe from the thickest or focally thickened part of the cortex. Cytopathological results were grouped as negative for metastasis, atypical cytology, positive and insufficient. While atypical cytology was included in the positive group, the sample evaluated as insufficient was included in the negative group in the statistical evaluation.

Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy

The first lymph node from which the tumor drained was called the sentinel node. Preoperative SLNB evaluation was performed for patients without metastasis in AUS findings and patients whose US-FNAB results were evaluated as benign-unsatisfactory, and the decision for axillary dissection was determined according to the SLNB result. In the SLNB technique, imaging with the blue dye method (isosulfan blue dye) was preferred for all patients. In the method, after anesthesia induction, 5 cc 1% isosulfan blue is injected into the subareolar tissue, then the breast is massaged for five minutes, followed by an axillary incision in patients who underwent breast-conserving surgery, and through an upper flap incision in patients who underwent mastectomy, and the axilla was entered to reveal blue stained lymph nodes and, if any, suspiciously palpated lymph nodes were removed and evaluated histopathologically. In the peroperative evaluation, ALND was performed in order not to miss axillary metastasis in patients who were thought to have axillary metastases as a result of SLNB and in patients who could not find blue stained lymph nodes in the axilla after isosulfan blue injection.

Histopathological Evaluation

Histopathological evaluation was performed on the final pathology result. In the examination, all sentinel lymph nodes were fixed in formalin, divided into two and embedded in paraffin. A minimum of 6 levels were cut at 50-150 µm intervals. Pathological evaluation was done by hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemical staining. The histopathological evaluation of breast resection materials was evaluated in terms of largest tumor diameter, histopathological diagnosis, histological grade, estrogen, progesterone, Ki-67 and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2) receptor status. The Nottingham modification of the Bloom-Richardson system was used for histological grade determination. Tumor stage was evaluated according to the 2017 AJCC cancer staging guidelines 8th Edition and 2019 CAP guidelines (15,16).

In the evaluation for the axilla, the presence of macrometastases was considered positive, while the presence of benign histopathological lymph nodes, cases without macrometastases, micrometastases and isolated tumor cells were evaluated as negative. However, the presence of micrometastases was also specified in the case that was considered negative. The size and diameter of the metastatic lymph node were included in the evaluation.

Statistical Analysis

Normality control of continuous variables was evaluated by Shapiro-Wilk. One-Way ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis tests were applied depending on the normality of the data for age and tumor size, according to the true positive (TP), true negative (TN), YP and FN decisions obtained according to the final pathology result of the US. According to the TN and FN decisions of US-FNAB based on the final pathology result, Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney U test were used depending on the normality of the data for age and tumor size. In the analysis of categorical variables, chi-square test (Pearson chi-square) and Fisher’s exact test were used. Sensitivity, specificity, PPD, NPD and accuracy values were calculated in the examination of diagnostic values of US and US-FNAB according to the final pathology result.

YÖNTEMLER

 Hasta Grubu

Retrospektif olarak tasarlanan bu çalışmada, hastanemizin bağlı bulunduğu Gaziosmanpaşa Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Etik Kurul Komitesi’nden etik kurul onayı alındı (onay numarası: 267 tarih: 05.05.2021). Kimliği gizlenmiş idari verilerin geriye dönük kullanımı nedeniyle hasta bilgilendirilmiş onayına gerek görülmedi. Çalışmaya Ocak 2013-Nisan 2020 tarihleri arasında meme kanseri tanısı aldıktan sonra cerrahi tedavi öncesi AUS ile değerlendirilen ve aksilladaki şüpheli lenf noduna US-İİAB yapılan 115 hasta dahil edildi. Cerrahi tedaviyi kabul etmeyen ve lokal ileri meme kanseri tanısı ile tedaviye NAK ile başlanan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edilmedi.

Hastaların yaş, fizik muayene (uzman meme cerrahları tarafından yapılan değerlendirme), tıbbi hikaye, meme US bulguları, meme ve aksilla biyopsisi ile final patoloji sonuçları tıbbi kayıtlardan retrospektif olarak derlendi.

Çalışma Tasarımı

Hastalar preoperatif US bulguları, US-İİAB bulguları ve final patoloji sonuçları üzerinden değerlendirildi. Aksiller lenf nodlarının hem US, hem de US-İİAB ile metastaz açısından değerlendirilmesi final patoloji ile karşılaştırılarak sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD, YN, yalancı pozitiflik (YP) ve doğruluk ayrı ayrı hesaplandı ve iki yöntem bu değerler açısından karşılaştırıldı. US-İİAB ile malign olduğu düşünülen hastalar NAK için yönlendirildiğinden bu grupta sadece sitopatolojik olarak benign tanısı alan hastalar çalışmaya dahil edildi.

Görüntüleme Metotu ve Görüntü Analizi

Ultrason muayeneleri, 5-14 MHz lineer dizilimli prob ile Toshiba Aplio 500 yazılım sürümü 6.0 (Toshiba Corporation, Tokyo, Japonya) olan ultrason cihazı kullanılarak meme görüntülemede 10 yıllık deneyime sahip deneyimli iki radyolog (N.U. ve Y.K.) tarafından yapıldı. Ultrasonografik olarak yapılan değerlendirmede diffüz, ince hipoekoik korteksi (<3 mm) ve santral yağlı hilumu olan hiperekoik lenf nodları benign olarak değerlendirilirken, asimetrik fokal veya diffüz kortikal kalınlığı olan (>3 mm), lobule konturlu, deri altı dokuya göre hipoekoik/anekoik kortekse sahip veya oblitere olan, ayrıca yağlı hilumu distorsiyone olan ve net görülemeyen lenf nodları şüpheli-malign olarak değerlendirildi (14).

Biyopsi Metotu

AUS ile yapılan değerlendirmede metastaz açısında şüpheli veya malign görünümlü lenf nodlarına aynı radyoloji uzmanları (N.U. ve Y.K.) tarafından US-İİAB uygulandı. US eşliğinde İİAB, 21 G’lik şırınga ile korteksin en kalın veya fokal olarak kalınlaşmış kısmından birkaç kez yapıldı. Sitopatolojik sonuçlar metastaz açısından negatif, atipik sitoloji, pozitif ve yetersiz olarak gruplandırıldı. Atipik sitoloji pozitif gruba dahil edilirken yetersiz olarak değerlendirilen örnek istatistiksel değerlendirmede negatif gruba dahil edildi.

Sentinal Lenf Nodu Biyopsisi

Tümörün drene olduğu ilk lenf nodu sentinel nod olarak adlandırıldı. AUS bulgularında metastaz düşünülmeyen hastalara ve US-İİAB sonucu benign-yetersiz olarak değerlendirilen hastalara peroperatif SLNB ile değerlendirme yapılıp aksiller diseksiyon kararı yapılan SLNB sonucuna göre belirlendi. SLNB tekniğinde tüm hastalara mavi boya yöntemi ile (isosülfan blue dye) ile görüntüleme tercih edildi. Yöntemde anestezi indüksiyonu sonrası; 5 cc %1 isosülfan blue subareolar dokuya enjekte edildikten sonra memeye beş dakika masaj yapılıp ardından meme koruyucu cerrahi yapılan hastalarda aksiller insizyonla, mastektomi yapılan hastalarda ise üst flep kesisi ile aksillaya girilip mavi boyalı lenf nodları ve eğer varsa şüpheli olarak palpe edilen lenf nodları çıkartılarak histopatolojik olarak değerlendirildi. Peroperatif yapılan değerlendirmede SLNB sonucunda aksiller metastaz düşünülen hastalara ve isosülfan blue enjeksiyonu sonrası aksillada mavi boyalı lenf nodu bulunamayan hastalara aksiller metastazı atlamamak için ALND yapıldı.

Histopatolojik Değerlendirme

Histopatolojik değerlendirme final patoloji sonucu üzerinden yapıldı. İncelemede tüm sentinal lenf nodları formalinde fikse edilip ikiye bölündü ve parafine gömüldü. 50-150 µm aralıklar ile minimum 6 seviye kesildi. Patolojik değerlendirme hemotoksilen-eosin ve immünohistokimyasal boyama ile yapıldı. Meme rezeksiyon materyallerinin histopatolojik değerlendirilmesi en büyük tümör çapı, histopatolojik tanı, histolojik derece, östrojen, progesteron, Ki-67 ve insan epidermal büyüme faktör reseptörü-2 (HER-2) durumları açısından incelendi. Histolojik derece belirlenmesinde Bloom-Richardson sistemi Nottingham modifikasyonu kullanıldı. Tümör evresi 2017 AJCC Kanser Evreleme Kılavuzu 8. baskısına ve 2019 CAP Kılavuzu’na göre değerlendirildi (15,16).

Aksilla için yapılan değerlendirmede makrometastaz varlığı pozitif kabul edilirken, benign histopatolojik özellikteki lenf nodları, makrometastaz saptanmayan olgular, mikrometastaz ve izole tümör hücresi varlığı negatif olarak değerlendirildi. Ancak negatif kabul edilen olguda mikrometastaz varlığı ayrıca belirtildi. Metastatik lenf nodunun boyutu ve çapı değerlendirmeye dahil edildi.

İstatistiksel Analiz

Sürekli değişkenlerin normallik kontrolü Shapiro-Wilk ile değerlendirilmiştir. US’nin final patoloji sonucuna göre elde edilen doğru pozitif, doğru negatif, yanlış pozitif ve yanlış negatif kararlarına göre yaş ve tümör boyutu için verilerin normalliğine bağlı olarak One-Way ANOVA ve Kruskal-Wallis testleri uygulanmıştır. US-İİAB’nin final patoloji sonucuna göre elde edilen doğru negatif ve yanlış negatif kararlarına göre yaş ve tümör boyutu için verilerin normalliğine bağlı olarak Student’s t-test, Mann-Whitney U testi kullanılmıştır. Kategorik değişkenlerin analizinde ise chi-square test (Pearson chi-square) ve Fisher’s exact test kullanılmıştır. US ve US-İİAB’nin final patoloji sonucuna göre diagnostik değerlerinin incelenmesinde sensitivite, spesifisite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk değerleri hesaplanmıştır.

RESULTS

The study was conducted on 115 breast cancer patients who met the inclusion criteria. All patients were evaluated with AUS and US-FNAB was performed on 25 patients. The mean age of the patients was calculated as 51.1±10.76 years. The mean tumor size was 18.84±9.87 mm. Fifteen (13.04%) of the patients included in the study had palpable lymph nodes in the axilla. Demographic data and tumor characteristics of the patients are shown in Table 1.

Evaluation Results with AUS and US-FNAB

In the evaluation performed with AUS, axillary lymph nodes were evaluated as benign (negative) in 95 (82.60%) of the patients, and suspicious and malignant lymph nodes were observed in 20 patients (17.40%). Final pathology was also negative in 81 (85.26%) of 95 patients whose axillary lymph nodes were evaluated as benign by US. There were benign histopathological findings in 72 (75.79%) and micrometastases in 9 (9.47%) patients. Axillary metastases were detected in 14 (14.74%) of 95 patients whose axillary lymph nodes were evaluated as benign by US. Eight (40%) of 20 patients with suspicious or malignant image features on US had macrometastases in the final pathology, and 12 of them were negative in the final pathology [2 (10%) micrometastases and 10 (50%) benign histopathological findings]. Sampling was performed with US-FNAB in 25 (21.73%) patients who were evaluated as suspicious by US and additionally magnetic resonance imaging. Patients who were evaluated as malignant by US-FNAB were referred to NAC, and when the final pathology evaluation of 25 patients who were biopsied and thought to be benign by preoperative histopathological evaluation, macrometastasis was detected in 8 (32%) and 17 (68%) patients were evaluated as negative in the final pathology [benign histopathological findings in 14 (56%) patients and micrometastasis in 3 (12%) patients]. No complications were observed in any of the patients after US-FNAB. The sensitivity, specificity, PPD, NPD and accuracy rates for US and US-FNAB are shown in Table 2.

If we evaluate the results in terms of the effect on the treatment, metastasis was detected in 14.74% of the patients who were not suspected of metastasis by US, and the final pathology was evaluated as malignant in 32% of the patients diagnosed as benign by US-FNAB.

When we look at the factors affecting accuracy between final pathology and US and between final pathology and US-FNAB; In the presence of palpable lymph node, both TP and FP lymph node were found at a higher rate than in non-palpable patients, and TN was found at a lower rate (p<0.05). Tumor sizes were observed to be higher in TP patients compared to those with FP and TN (p<0.05). Tumor size and the presence of a palpable lymph node in the axilla were the factors affecting FN. The results are shown in Table 3, 4.

DISCUSSION

After ALND performation, the introduction of SLNB by Giuliano et al. (17) in 1991 was interpreted as a major improvement, and over time, SLNB N0 became the standard for regional lymphatic evaluation in patients with breast cancer (18).

When we look at the studies, it has been reported that postoperative side effects such as axillary hematoma, lymphedema, limitation of shoulder motion and paresthesia are less common in the SLNB group compared to the ALND group (19,20). Still, SLNB is not an entirely innocent method. In this method, which is reported to have a FN rate of less than 10% in general, the patient requires a second surgery (21,22). In addition, hospitalization is required, and infection, lymphedema, seroma, nerve damage and shoulder movement limitation can be seen in the postoperative period, albeit less frequently than ALND (23).

In a study evaluating the accuracy of SLNB after axillary dissection, it was found that the accuracy was 96.9%, the sensitivity 91.2%, the specificity 100%, and the FN 8.8% (19).

The introduction of less invasive methods suggests the consideration of US-FNAB as an alternative for SLNB. AUS and US-FNAB are inexpensive and low morbidity methods that do not require hospitalization, but their accuracy is highly dependent on the experience of the person performing the procedure.

When we examined the current literature to evaluate the reliability of AUS and US-FNAB in breast cancer; Chowdhury et al. (13) found the FN rate of AUS as 10.7% in a study conducted on patients aged >50 years, with a primary breast lesion <1.5 cm, estrogen receptor positive and HER-2 negative, and stated that this was like SLNB. In the study, the sensitivity of AUS in excluding axillary disease was found to be 89.3% (13).

However, contrary to this study, in another study evaluating the accuracy of AUS and US-FNAB in patients who were operated on with the diagnosis of breast cancer, FN for US and US-FNAB was found to be 42.4%, and in the final pathology, this rate was found to be 57.6% in patients with only one lymph node metastasis in the axilla. According to the results of the same study, FN was found to be higher in estrogen receptor positive patients (24).

In the study where Park et al. (10) evaluated 382 patients, the sensitivity of AUS in predicting axillary metastasis was 56.6%, the specificity 81.0%, PPV 60.3%, NPV 78.5% and accuracy 72.8%. For US-FNAB, the sensitivity, specificity, PPD, NPV and accuracy rates were found to be 39.5%, 95.7%, 82.3%, 75.6% and 76.7%, respectively. Contrary to expectations, the reason for the low sensitivity of US-FNAB was stated as the detection of metastasis in the final pathology in the group evaluated as inadequate cytology. When the patients with metastasis detected by US-FNAB were evaluated in the study, it was emphasized that unnecessary SLNB for preoperative staging could be avoided in 16.2% of the patients. By comparing patients with palpable and non-palpable tumors in the study, it was shown that although the sensitivity was higher in the group with palpable tumors, there was no statistical difference in sensitivity and specificity between the two groups (10).

In the study of Baruah et al. (25), it was reported that preoperative diagnosis was made with US-FNAB in 28.5% of patients with metastasis in the axillary lymph node in the final pathology and in 7.8% of all patients, and SLNB was avoided in these patients. In the study, the sensitivity, specificity, PPD, NPD, and accuracy rates of US-FNAB were found to be 28.5%, 100%, 100%, 78.8%, and 80.5%, respectively (25).

In a similar study, Van Rijk et al. (26) evaluated the results of preoperative AUS and US-FNAB performed on suspicious lymph nodes and found the sensitivity of AUS and US-FNAB to be 35% and 62%, and the specificity as 82% and 99%. As a result of the study, they argued that metastasis can be diagnosed in 8% of patients without preoperative SLNB and patients can be referred to NAC (26). However, this practice is not preferred in our hospital in accordance with current guidelines, and SLNB is not performed before NAC, but NAC is planned according to the results of US-FNAB (27).

In their meta-analysis, Houssami et al. (28) calculated the sensitivity of US-FNAB to predict axillary disease as 79.6%, specificity as 98.3% and PPV as 97.1% and stated that the accuracy of US-FNAB in the evaluation of axillary lymph node was very good.

In the results of the prospective study conducted by Singh et al. (5) to evaluate the accuracy of AUS and US-FNAB; the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy rates for AUS and US-FNAB were calculated as 61.5-83%, 75.6-100%, 69.5-100%, 68.5-72.6% and 69-88.1%, respectively. In their study, they showed that if metastasis was proven in 24% of the patients with US-FNAB, direct ALND could be performed without SLNB (5).

In the study of Gurleyik et al. (29), in which they evaluated patients with clinically negative axilla, direct ALND was applied to patients with axillary lymph node metastasis detected by US-FNAB, and FN was found to be 23.7% for US and 31.8% for US-FNAB.

Most studies have aimed to evaluate how much of the patients with lymph node metastasis detected by US-FNAB have unnecessary SLNB for preoperative staging and how much can be avoided. However, in the current situation, since most of the patients diagnosed with axillary metastases by US-FNAB start treatment with NAC, what we should focus on is the question of how much of the patients without metastasis detected by US-FNAB, preoperative surgical intervention to the axilla (SLNB/ALND) can be avoided, in other words, sensitivity of FNAB to exclude axillary disease.

As in our study, Fayyaz and Niazi (30) found the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy rates for US-FNAB as 77.22%, 92.59%, 91.04%, 80.65%, and 85.0%, respectively, in their study without including patients who received NAC. In our study, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy were found to be 36.36%, 87.10%, 40.00%, 85.26%, and 77.39% for AUS, respectively. For US-FNAB, the specificity was calculated as 100%, NPV and accuracy as 68.00%. Metastasis was not detected in the final pathology in 85.26% of the patients who were thought to have no metastasis by preoperative US and 68% of the patients who were not found to have metastasis by US-FNAB. However, metastasis was found in the final pathology in 14.74% of patients who were not suspected of metastasis by US and 32% of patients without metastasis by US-FNAB. The presence of palpable lymph nodes was effective on FP.

Study Limitations

The limitation of our study is that it was single-centered and included a limited number of participants. In addition, since the treatment was started with NAC in patients with axillary metastases considered in the preoperative evaluation, the evaluation was carried out mostly on patients without metastasis. Since the involvement of axillary lymph nodes may change depending on the chemotherapy response after treatment in patients receiving NAC, they were not included in the evaluation. In addition, physical examination of the breast and axilla is a subjective method.

TARTIŞMA

ALND uygulamalarından sonra 1991 yılında Giuliano ve ark. (17) tarafından SLNB’nin uygulanmaya başlaması büyük bir gelişme olarak yorumlanmıştır ve zamanla SLNB N0 meme kanserli hastalarda bölgesel lenfatik değerlendirme için standart olmuştur (18).

Yapılan çalışmalara baktığımızda aksiller hematom, lenfödem, omuz hareket kısıtlılığı ve parestezi gibi postoperatif yan etkilerin SLNB uygulanan grupta ALND yapılan gruba göre daha az görüldüğü bildirilmiştir (19,20). Yine de SLNB tamamen masum bir yöntem değildir. YN oranı genel olarak %10’un altında olarak bildirilen bu yöntemde hastaya ikinci bir ameliyat gerekliği ortaya çıkmaktadır (21,22). Ayrıca hastaneye yatış gerekmekte ve postoperatif dönemde enfeksiyon, lenfödem, seroma, sinir hasarı ve omuz hareket kısıtlılığı ALND’ye göre daha az da olsa görülebilmektedir (23).

Aksiller diseksiyon sonrası SLNB’nin doğruluğunu değerlendiren bir çalışmada doğruluk %96,9, sensitivite %91,2, spesifisite %100 ve YN %8,8 olarak bulunmuştur (19).

Giderek daha az invaziv metotların uygulanmaya konması, SLNB için de US-İİAB’nin alternatif olarak değerlendirilmesi düşüncesini akla getirir. AUS ve US-İİAB hastaneye yatış gerektirmeyen, ucuz ve morbiditesi düşük yöntemlerdir ancak doğruluğu yüksek oranda işlemi yapan kişinin tecrübesine bağlıdır.

Meme kanserinde AUS ve US-İİAB’nin güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek için güncel literatürü incelediğimizde; Chowdhury ve ark. (13) >50 yaş, primer meme lezyonu <1,5 cm östrojen reseptörü pozitif ve HER-2 reseptörü negatif hastalar üzerinde yaptıkları bir çalışmada AUS’un YN oranını %10,7 olarak bularak bunun SLNB ile benzer olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Çalışmada AUS’nin aksiller hastalığı dışlamadaki sensitivitesi %89,3 olarak bulunmuştur (13).

Ancak bu çalışmanın aksine meme kanseri tanısı ile ameliyat edilen hastalarda AUS ve US-İİAB’nin doğruluğunu değerlendiren bir başka çalışmada US ve US-İİAB için YN %42,4 bulunmuş ve final patolojide aksillada sadece tek lenf nodu metastazı olan hastalarda bu oranın %57,6’ya çıktığı gösterilmiştir. Aynı çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre, östrojen reseptörü pozitif hastalarda YN daha yüksek bulunmuştur (24).

Park ve ark. (10) 382 hastayı değerlendirdikleri çalışmada AUS’nin aksiller metastazı öngörmede sensitivitesi %56,6, spesifitesi %81,0, PPD %60,3, NPD %78,5 ve doğruluğu %72,8 olarak hesaplanmıştır. US-İİAB için ise sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk oranları sırası ile %39,5, %95,7, %82,3, %75,6 ve %76,7 olarak bulunmuştur. Beklenenin aksine US-İİAB’nin sensitivitesinin düşük olma sebebi, yetersiz sitoloji olarak değerlendirilen grupta final patolojide metastaz saptanması olarak belirtilmiştir. Çalışmada US-İİAB ile metastaz saptanan hastalar değerlendirildiğinde, hastaların %16,2’sinde preoperatif evreleme için gereksiz yapılacak SLNB’den kaçınılabileceği vurgulanmıştır. Çalışmada palpe edilen ve palpe edilmeyen tümörlü hastalar karşılaştırılarak, palpe edilen tümöre sahip hastaların olduğu grupta sensitivite daha yüksek olsa da iki grup arasında istatistiksel olarak sensitivite ve spesifisite için fark olmadığı gösterilmiştir (10).

Baruah ve ark.’nın (25) yaptıkları çalışmada final patolojide aksiller lenf nodunda metastaz saptanan hastaların %28,5’inde ve tüm hastaların %7,8’inde US-İİAB ile preoperatif tanı konulduğu ve bu hastalarda SLNB’den kaçınıldığı bildirilmiştir. Çalışmada US-İİAB’nin sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk oranları sırasıyla %28,5, %100, %100, %78,8 ve %80,5 olarak bulunmuştur (25).

Benzer bir çalışmada Van Rijk ve ark. (26) preoperatif AUS ve şüpheli lenf nodlarına yapılan US-İİAB sonuçlarını değerlendirmişler, AUS ile US-İİAB’nin sensitivitesini %35 ve %62, spesifitesini %82 ve %99 olarak bulmuşlardır. Çalışmanın sonucunda hastaların %8’inde preoperatif SLNB yapılamadan metastazın tanınabileceği ve hastaların NAK’ye yönlendirilebileceğini savunmuşlardır (26). Ancak hastanemizde güncel kılavuzlara uygun olarak bu uygulama tercih edilmemektedir ve SLNB NAK öncesi yapılmayıp US-İİAB sonucuna göre NAK planlanmaktadır (27).

Houssami ve ark. (28) meta analizlerinde US-İİAB’nin aksiller hastalığı öngörmedeki sensitivitesini %79,6, spesifitesini %98,3 ve PPD %97,1 olarak hesaplamışlardır ve US-İİAB’nin aksiller lenf nodunun değerlendirilmesindeki doğruluğunun çok iyi olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.

Singh ve ark.’nın (5) AUS ve US-İİAB’nin doğruluğunu değerlendirmek için yaptıkları prospektif çalışmanın sonuçlarında; AUS ve US-İİAB için sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk oranlarını sırası ile %61,5-83, %75,6-100, %69,5-100, %68,5-72,6 ve %69-88,1 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmada hastaların %24’üne US-İİAB ile metastaz kanıtlandıysa SLNB yapılmadan direk ALND yapılabileceğini göstermişlerdir (5).

Gurleyik ve ark.’nın (29) aksillanın klinik olarak negatif olduğu hastaları değerlendirdikleri çalışmada ise, US-İİAB ile aksiller lenf nodu metastazı saptanan hastalara direk ALND uygulanmıştır ve YN US için %23,7 ve US-İİAB için %31,8 olarak bulunmuştur.

Yapılan çoğu çalışma US-İİAB ile lenf nodu metastazı saptanan hastaların ne kadarında preoperatif evreleme için gereksiz SLNB yapıldığı ve bundan ne kadar kaçınılabileceğini değerlendirmeye yöneliktir. Ancak güncel durumda US-İİAB ile aksiller metastaz tanımlanan hastaların büyük bir kısmında tedaviye NAK ile başladığından odaklanmamız gereken US-İİAB ile metastaz saptanmayan hastaların ne kadarında peroperatif aksillaya cerrahi müdahaleden (SLNB/ALND’den) kaçınılabileceği sorusu yani US-İİAB’nin aksiller hastalığı dışlamadaki sensitivitesi olmalıdır.

Bizim araştırmamızda olduğu gibi Fayyaz ve Niazi (30) NAK alan hastaları değerlendirmeye katmadan yaptıkları araştırmada sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk oranlarını US-İİAB için sırası %77,22, %92,59, %91,04, %80,65 ve %85,0 olarak bulmuşlardır. Bizim çalışmamızda sensitivite, spesifite, PPD, NPD ve doğruluk AUS için sırası ile %36,36, %87,10, %40,00, %85,26 ve %77,39 bulundu. US-İİAB için ise spesifisite %100, NPD ve doğruluk %68,00 olarak hesaplandı. Preoperatif US ile metastaz olmadığı düşünülen hastaların %85,26’sında ve US-İİAB ile metastaz saptanmayan hastaların %68’inde final patoloji ile de metastaz saptanmadı. Ancak US ile metastaz düşünülmeyen hastaların %14,74’ünde ve US-İİAB ile metastaz saptanmayan hastaların %32’sinde final patolojide metastaz olduğu görüldü. Palpe edilen lenf nodu varlığı YP üzerine etkili idi.

Çalışmanın Kısıtlılıkları

Çalışmamızın limitasyonu, tek merkezli olup sınırlı sayıda hasta içermesidir. Ayrıca preoperatif değerlendirmede aksiller metastaz düşünülen hastalarda tedaviye NAK ile başlandığı için değerlendirme daha çok metastaz saptanmamış hastalar üzerinden yürütülmüştür. NAK alan hastalarda tedavi sonrası kemoterapi yanıtına bağlı olarak aksiller lenf nodlarındaki tutulum değişebileceği için değerlendirmeye dahil edilmemiştir. Ayrıca meme ve aksillanın fizik muayene ile değerlendirilmesi subjektif bir yöntemdir.

CONCLUSION

AUS and US-FNAB performed by experienced people are valuable methods in excluding axillary disease, preoperative evaluation of breast cancer and making a treatment plan. However, negative AUS and US-FNAB did not reach the accuracy to avoid SLNB. However, AUS and US-FNAB evaluation may eliminate surgical intervention in the axilla, especially in certain patient groups for whom breast-conserving surgery will be performed and radiotherapy will be planned in near future.

Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Ms. Asena Ayça Özdemir for her help and contribution to this article.
Ethics Committee Approval: In this retrospective study, ethics committee approval, was obtained from the Gaziosmanpaşa Training and Research Hospital Ethics Committee, to which our hospital is affiliated (approval number: 267 and date: 05/05/2021).
Informed Consent: Informed consent was not required due to retrospective use of anonymized administrative data.
Peer-review: Externally and internally peer-reviewed.
Author Contributions: : Surgical and Medical Practices - E.Y., M.K., N.U., Y.K.; Concept - E.Y.; Design - E.Y., Ö.G.; Data Collection and/or Processing - E.Y., Z.P.; Analysis and/or Interpretation - E.Y., N.U.; Literature Search - E.Y., Z.P.; Writing - E.Y., Y.K.
Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Financial Disclosure: The authors declared that this study has received no financial support.

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